Proper nutrition plays a pivotal role in the overall health and longevity of dogs, and a significant portion of that nutrition comes from vitamins and minerals present in their diet. For those following a Prey Model Raw (PMR) diet, the key to ensuring that all necessary vitamins and minerals are met is a deep understanding of which nutrients are found in various animal species and parts. This article provides a detailed overview of where essential vitamins and minerals are found in different meats and organ sources, with practical tips for optimizing your dog’s diet.

Macrominerals and Their Sources in Meat-Based Diets

Macrominerals are required in relatively large quantities and play vital roles in numerous physiological functions, including bone development, muscle function, nerve transmission, and fluid balance. The primary macrominerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride.

1. Calcium

Calcium is essential for skeletal development, muscle contractions, blood coagulation, and nerve signaling.

Sources:

•   Raw Meaty Bones (RMBs): Chicken necks, wings, and backs are excellent sources of calcium in PMR diets. Other species such as rabbit and duck bones also provide significant amounts of calcium.
•   Eggshells: Crushed eggshells are a bioavailable source of calcium for dogs, though they should be finely ground for proper digestion.

Practical Tip: Incorporating raw meaty bones into your dog’s diet should cover the bulk of their calcium needs. Aim for bones to constitute around 10% of the overall diet to ensure optimal calcium intake without risking imbalance.

2. Phosphorus

Phosphorus works in tandem with calcium for bone health, and it is involved in energy production and protein synthesis.

Sources:

•   Muscle meats: Rich sources include beef, chicken, turkey, lamb, and pork muscle meat. Fatty fish like mackerel and sardines also contain significant phosphorus.
•   Organ meats: Liver, kidney, and heart from various species provide phosphorus in highly bioavailable forms.

Practical Tip: When feeding a raw diet, aim for a balanced calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of approximately 1:1 to 1.2:1. This ratio is critical to avoid skeletal issues, particularly in growing puppies and large-breed dogs.

3. Magnesium

Magnesium supports metabolic processes, energy production, and neuromuscular transmission.

Sources:

•   Organ meats: Liver and kidney from beef, pork, and chicken are good sources of magnesium.
•   Fatty fish: Species such as mackerel, sardines, and herring provide magnesium along with omega-3 fatty acids.

Practical Tip: Including a variety of organ meats and fatty fish will ensure sufficient magnesium intake, especially important for dogs with high energy demands or chronic conditions like arthritis.

4. Sodium and Chloride

Sodium and chloride are essential for maintaining osmotic balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. They work together as electrolytes in the body.

Sources:

•   Muscle meats: All species, including beef, chicken, and turkey, contain adequate amounts of sodium and chloride, provided they are not processed or salted.
•   Fish: Particularly species like mackerel and sardines, are good natural sources.

Practical Tip: Avoid over-supplementing sodium, as it is naturally present in most animal-based foods. Always use fresh, unsalted meats to prevent sodium imbalance.

5. Potassium

Potassium is vital for muscle contractions, fluid balance, and nerve impulses.

Sources:

•   Muscle meats: Particularly pork, beef, and lamb are rich in potassium.
•   Organ meats: Liver and kidney from multiple species provide significant amounts of potassium.

Practical Tip: Include potassium-rich organ meats like kidney regularly, especially for dogs prone to dehydration, as potassium helps maintain hydration and electrolyte balance.

Microminerals and Their Sources in Meat-Based Diets

Microminerals, though needed in smaller amounts, are equally critical for maintaining health. These include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and iodine.

1. Iron

Iron is crucial for oxygen transport, energy production, and immune function.

Sources:

•   Organ meats: Liver from beef, chicken, lamb, and pork is one of the richest sources of bioavailable iron.
•   Muscle meats: Beef and lamb provide ample amounts of iron compared to poultry.

Practical Tip: Incorporating liver into your dog’s diet once or twice a week should meet most of their iron needs. Be cautious not to overfeed liver to avoid vitamin A toxicity, especially in small breeds.

2. Zinc

Zinc is essential for immune function, skin health, and protein synthesis.

Sources:

•   Muscle meats: Beef, lamb, and pork contain high levels of zinc.
•   Organ meats: Kidney and liver also provide bioavailable zinc.

Practical Tip: Zinc deficiency can lead to skin conditions and immune issues, so feeding a variety of red meats and organ meats will help ensure sufficient zinc intake.

3. Copper

Copper supports iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, and antioxidant defense.

Sources:

•   Organ meats: Liver from beef, lamb, and pork is rich in copper.
•   Shellfish: Oysters and mussels are excellent sources, though these are not typically included in PMR diets.

Practical Tip: Copper deficiency can result in anemia and poor coat condition. Ensure that your dog receives liver from various species to meet their copper needs.

4. Selenium

Selenium acts as an antioxidant and is vital for thyroid function and immune health.

Sources:

•   Organ meats: Kidney and liver from beef and lamb provide selenium in bioavailable forms.
•   Fish: Particularly sardines and mackerel are rich in selenium.

Practical Tip: Selenium requirements can vary, but feeding organ meats and fish at least a few times per week should cover your dog’s needs.

5. Iodine

Iodine is necessary for thyroid hormone production, which regulates metabolism.

Sources:

•   Seafood: Kelp and seaweed are excellent sources of iodine, though not typically part of a traditional PMR diet.
•   Fish: Mackerel and sardines provide some iodine, but not in high amounts compared to kelp.

Practical Tip: If iodine intake is a concern, small amounts of kelp powder can be included in the diet. Use caution, as excessive iodine can lead to thyroid imbalances.

Essential Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Meat Sources

Fat-soluble vitamins, including A, D, E, and K, are stored in the body and require fat for absorption. These vitamins are crucial for vision, immune function, bone health, and blood clotting.

1. Vitamin A (Retinol)

Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and skin health.

Sources:

•   Liver: Beef, chicken, and lamb liver are incredibly rich in vitamin A.
•   Fish: Cod liver oil is another concentrated source of vitamin A.

Practical Tip: To avoid vitamin A toxicity, especially in small dogs, limit the amount of liver in the diet to around 5% of total food intake. Rotate between different liver sources for balance.

2. Vitamin D

Vitamin D is vital for calcium absorption, bone health, and immune regulation.

Sources:

•   Fatty fish: Mackerel, sardines, and herring provide high levels of vitamin D3.
•   Egg yolks: Also a good source of vitamin D when pasture-raised eggs are included.

Practical Tip: Aim to feed fatty fish at least once a week to maintain adequate vitamin D levels. Avoid over-supplementing with cod liver oil, as it may provide excessive vitamin A.

3. Vitamin E

Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

Sources:

•   Fatty fish: Sardines and mackerel contain moderate amounts of vitamin E.
•   Muscle meats: While animal sources contain lower levels of vitamin E, they are still sufficient in a varied PMR diet.

Practical Tip: Dogs on high-fat diets, especially those consuming large amounts of fatty fish, may benefit from additional vitamin E supplementation to prevent oxidation of dietary fats.

4. Vitamin K

Vitamin K is necessary for blood clotting and bone health.

Sources:

•   Organ meats: Liver and kidney contain moderate amounts of vitamin K.
•   Fermented foods: In PMR diets, fermented tripe or other fermented foods may help with vitamin K2 production through gut synthesis.

Practical Tip

Although vitamin K deficiencies are rare in dogs, especially those on a PMR diet, adding fermented foods such as raw goat milk kefir or fermented tripe can enhance gut health and promote natural production of vitamin K2, which supports bone and cardiovascular health.

Water-Soluble Vitamins in Meat Sources

Water-soluble vitamins, including the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C, are not stored in the body for long and must be supplied regularly through the diet. These vitamins are critical for energy metabolism, red blood cell production, and immune function.

1. B-Complex Vitamins

The B-complex group includes thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), and cobalamin (B12). These vitamins are involved in metabolic processes, red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis.

Thiamine (B1)

Thiamine is crucial for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function.

Sources:

•   Pork and lamb are particularly high in thiamine.
•   Fish such as trout and mackerel also provide substantial thiamine.

Practical Tip: Thiamine is sensitive to heat, so ensure that meat is served raw in PMR diets to preserve its vitamin content. Feeding pork or lamb regularly will help meet thiamine requirements.

Riboflavin (B2)

Riboflavin aids in energy metabolism and supports skin and eye health.

Sources:

•   Beef liver and chicken liver are among the richest sources of riboflavin.
•   Lamb kidney is another good source.

Practical Tip: Since riboflavin is water-soluble and not stored in the body, incorporating liver into your dog’s diet 1-2 times a week ensures they get enough B2.

Niacin (B3)

Niacin plays a key role in energy production, supporting healthy skin, and maintaining the nervous system.

Sources:

•   Chicken and turkey are rich in niacin.
•   Beef, pork, and fish like sardines and mackerel also contain niacin.

Practical Tip: Dogs with a higher metabolic demand, such as working or performance dogs, may require additional niacin. Feeding poultry, particularly chicken and turkey, will help cover this need.

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

Pantothenic acid is involved in fatty acid metabolism and the synthesis of hormones.

Sources:

•   Liver and kidney from beef, lamb, and pork are excellent sources of B5.
•   Egg yolks and poultry also contain good levels of this vitamin.

Practical Tip: Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in animal-based foods, so a varied PMR diet that includes organ meats should cover the dog’s requirements without the need for supplementation.

Pyridoxine (B6)

Vitamin B6 supports protein metabolism, red blood cell production, and neurotransmitter function.

Sources:

•   Chicken and turkey are rich in B6, as are beef and pork.
•   Fish such as mackerel and salmon also provide B6.

Practical Tip: For dogs with higher protein requirements, including poultry or fish regularly ensures sufficient B6 intake to support protein metabolism.

Biotin (B7)

Biotin is essential for healthy skin, coat, and nail growth, as well as carbohydrate and fat metabolism.

Sources:

•   Liver from beef and chicken is a top source of biotin.
•   Egg yolks also provide biotin, though raw egg whites contain avidin, which can interfere with biotin absorption if consumed in large amounts.

Practical Tip: Rotate between liver and egg yolks in your dog’s diet for a healthy coat and optimal metabolism. To avoid avidin-related issues, ensure the egg whites are cooked or limit raw egg white intake.

Folic Acid (B9)

Folic acid is crucial for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and proper brain function.

Sources:

•   Liver from beef and chicken is rich in folic acid.
•   Kidney from various species also provides bioavailable folate.

Practical Tip: Folic acid is highly concentrated in organ meats. By feeding a variety of liver and kidney, your dog will naturally meet their folate requirements.

Cobalamin (B12)

Vitamin B12 is essential for red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis.

Sources:

•   Liver from beef, lamb, and poultry is an excellent source of vitamin B12.
•   Fish, particularly sardines, mackerel, and trout, also provide significant amounts of B12.

Practical Tip: Vitamin B12 is found exclusively in animal products. Including liver and fatty fish in your dog’s diet is crucial for preventing B12 deficiency, which can lead to anemia and neurological issues.

2. Vitamin C

Vitamin C is an antioxidant that supports immune function and collagen synthesis. While dogs can synthesize their own vitamin C, certain conditions such as stress or illness may increase the demand for this vitamin.

Sources:

•   Tripe juice from green tripe provides natural vitamin C, aiding in digestion and immune support.
•   Guinea pigs are an excellent source of absorbable vitamin C if included in a PMR diet, as their meat contains higher levels of this nutrient.

Practical Tip: While dogs synthesize their own vitamin C, adding green tripe or guinea pig meat as a supplemental source can support the immune system, especially in stressed or aging dogs.

Optimizing Fat Intake for Better Vitamin Absorption

Since fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) require fat for absorption, ensuring adequate fat intake is essential when feeding a PMR diet. Various sources of healthy fats can enhance vitamin absorption and provide additional health benefits.

1. Bone Marrow

Bone marrow is rich in healthy fats and essential fatty acids. It provides additional calories and supports the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K.

Practical Tip: Incorporating bone marrow in your dog’s diet, especially when feeding organ meats, will improve fat-soluble vitamin absorption and provide a rich source of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

2. Collagen-Rich Foods

Foods like trachea, ears, and chicken feet provide collagen, which supports joint health and helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins. Collagen is also beneficial for skin, coat, and connective tissue maintenance.

Practical Tip: Adding collagen-rich treats, such as trachea or chicken feet, enhances your dog’s intake of glycosaminoglycans, supporting joint health and overall tissue repair.

3. Goat Milk and Kefir

Goat milk and kefir provide probiotics that support gut health and nutrient absorption, including fat-soluble vitamins. They also offer a good source of digestible fats and additional vitamins like A and D.

Practical Tip: Including raw goat milk or kefir in your dog’s diet can aid in digestion and enhance the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, especially for dogs with gut issues or those recovering from illness.

Life Stage Considerations for Vitamins and Minerals in PMR Diets

As dogs age or go through different life stages, their vitamin and mineral requirements can shift dramatically. Puppies, adults, seniors, pregnant or lactating females, and dogs with specific health conditions all have varying needs, and the PMR diet should be adjusted accordingly.

1. Puppies: Higher Demands for Growth

Growing puppies require more energy and nutrients to support the rapid development of their bones, muscles, and immune systems. Their requirements for vitamins like A, D, E, and B-complex, as well as minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, are significantly higher than those of adult dogs.

Key Nutrients:

•   Calcium & Phosphorus: Essential for bone development, found in raw meaty bones, eggshells, and organ meats like liver and kidneys.
•   Vitamin D: Needed for calcium absorption and bone growth. Sources like fatty fish (e.g., sardines, mackerel) or egg yolks provide sufficient vitamin D.
•   B Vitamins: Critical for energy metabolism and neurological development. Organ meats such as liver and kidney provide these in abundance.

Practical Tip: Feed a variety of raw meaty bones to ensure puppies get the right calcium-to-phosphorus ratio, which should be about 1.2:1. Avoid overfeeding liver, as puppies can be sensitive to vitamin A toxicity.

2. Adult Dogs: Maintenance and Disease Prevention

Adult dogs require a balanced intake of vitamins and minerals to maintain health and prevent deficiencies that could lead to chronic diseases. Nutrients like zinc, iron, vitamin E, and selenium are particularly important for immunity, coat health, and cellular function.

Key Nutrients:

•   Zinc: Supports immune function, skin, and coat health. Found in red meats like beef and lamb.
•   Vitamin E: An antioxidant that prevents oxidative stress. It’s found in fatty meats and oily fish.
•   Iron: Essential for red blood cell production and oxygen transport, sourced from organ meats like liver and spleen.

Practical Tip: Rotate between red meats like beef and lamb for bioavailable iron and zinc. Incorporate collagen-rich sources, such as trachea and bone marrow, to support joint health and overall cellular repair.

3. Senior Dogs: Supporting Longevity and Joint Health

As dogs age, their ability to absorb and metabolize nutrients, particularly fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), can diminish. Additionally, senior dogs are more prone to oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions, making antioxidants like vitamin E and minerals like selenium crucial for maintaining cognitive and physical health.

Key Nutrients:

•   Vitamin E: Essential for protecting against oxidative damage. Found in fatty fish like sardines or in small amounts in muscle meats.
•   Collagen and Glucosamine: Found in cartilage (e.g., chicken feet, trachea) and bone broth, these nutrients help support joint health.
•   Vitamin D: Maintaining bone density and calcium regulation becomes critical. Regular intake of oily fish or pasture-raised egg yolks will cover these needs.

Practical Tip: For older dogs, supplement their PMR diet with additional sources of collagen and omega-3 fatty acids from fish to aid joint and cognitive health. Monitor calcium and phosphorus levels, especially if they are prone to arthritis or bone diseases.

Bioavailability and Absorption of Nutrients in Meat-Based Diets

One of the advantages of the PMR diet is that it provides highly bioavailable nutrients, meaning that the vitamins and minerals in the raw meats and organs are in forms that dogs can easily absorb and utilize. However, not all nutrients are equally bioavailable from all sources, and understanding how to optimize absorption is key to maximizing the benefits of the PMR diet.

1. Organ Meats: Superior Sources of Micronutrients

Organ meats like liver, kidney, and heart are the powerhouses of nutrition, providing high concentrations of bioavailable vitamins and minerals.

•   Liver is particularly rich in vitamin A, B-complex vitamins, and iron.
•   Kidney offers a robust source of vitamin B12, selenium, and zinc.
•   Heart is a fantastic source of coenzyme Q10, B-vitamins, and taurine—an amino acid crucial for cardiovascular health.

Practical Tip: Feed a variety of organ meats to provide a full spectrum of nutrients. For dogs that need additional heart support, such as breeds prone to heart disease (e.g., Boxers, Dobermans), include beef heart as part of their weekly intake for taurine and CoQ10 benefits.

2. Muscle Meats and Fatty Fish: Optimal Protein and Omega-3 Sources

Muscle meats from species like beef, lamb, and chicken provide high-quality protein and essential amino acids. Fatty fish such as sardines, mackerel, and salmon are also invaluable for their omega-3 fatty acids, which are critical for reducing inflammation, supporting brain health, and enhancing skin and coat condition.

•   Beef offers bioavailable iron and zinc.
•   Lamb is rich in selenium and B vitamins.
•   Fatty fish are abundant in vitamin D and EPA/DHA (omega-3s).

Practical Tip: Incorporating fatty fish into the PMR diet a few times a week ensures adequate vitamin D and omega-3 intake. Rotate between different species to avoid an overload of mercury or other contaminants.

3. Raw Meaty Bones: Calcium and Phosphorus Balance

Raw meaty bones (RMBs) provide bioavailable calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for maintaining bone strength, nerve function, and blood clotting. Bones from chicken, duck, and rabbit are soft enough to be eaten safely by most dogs.

Practical Tip: Feed RMBs regularly but monitor the balance between calcium and phosphorus to avoid skeletal issues, particularly in growing puppies or senior dogs with joint problems. If feeding large bones (e.g., beef femurs), ensure they are used for recreational chewing rather than consumption to avoid tooth fractures.

Breed-Specific Nutritional Adjustments

Certain dog breeds have unique nutritional needs due to genetic predispositions, size, or metabolic rates. Adjusting the PMR diet to account for these needs ensures optimal health and performance.

1. Small Breeds: Controlling Vitamin A Intake

Small breeds such as Chihuahuas, Yorkshire Terriers, and Miniature Poodles are more susceptible to vitamin A toxicity due to their small size and slower metabolism. Overfeeding liver can lead to vitamin A overdose, causing bone issues or even liver damage.

Practical Tip: Limit liver intake to 1-2% of the total diet for small breeds, rotating between different organ meats to avoid oversupplying vitamin A. Also, ensure they receive enough vitamin D from other sources like egg yolks or fatty fish.

2. Large and Giant Breeds: Supporting Joint Health

Large and giant breeds, such as Great Danes, Mastiffs, and Labrador Retrievers, are prone to joint issues like hip dysplasia and arthritis. Adequate calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D are crucial for maintaining strong bones, while collagen and glucosamine support joint cartilage.

Practical Tip: Include trachea, chicken feet, and bone broth in the diet to provide natural sources of collagen and glucosamine. Regular feeding of fatty fish ensures adequate vitamin D to support calcium absorption and joint health.

3. Working Dogs: Increased Nutritional Demands

High-energy dogs such as Border Collies, German Shepherds, and Siberian Huskies need more calories and micronutrients to support their high levels of activity. Nutrients like iron, vitamin B12, zinc, and vitamin E are particularly important for muscle recovery and immune function.

Practical Tip: Feed more red meats like beef and lamb, which are rich in iron and zinc. Incorporate fish oils or fatty fish for vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids, ensuring they receive enough antioxidants to combat oxidative stress from physical exertion.

Seasonal Adjustments and Nutrient Timing in a PMR Diet

Nutritional requirements can vary with seasonal changes, particularly when dogs experience shifts in activity levels, coat shedding, and exposure to sunlight (which affects vitamin D synthesis). Additionally, the timing of meals can influence nutrient absorption.

1. Winter Adjustments: Supporting Vitamin D and Energy Needs

During the winter months, dogs are often exposed to less sunlight, which can reduce their natural vitamin D synthesis. Moreover, colder temperatures may increase their energy demands as they burn more calories to stay warm.

Key Nutrients:

•   Vitamin D: As sunlight exposure decreases, it’s essential to incorporate more fatty fish like sardines, mackerel, and herring into the PMR diet. These fish are rich in vitamin D, which supports calcium absorption and bone health.
•   Fats: To meet the increased energy needs during colder months, consider adding more fatty meats and bone marrow. These sources provide the extra calories necessary for maintaining body heat and supporting metabolic function.

Practical Tip: Increase the frequency of feeding oily fish to 2-3 times a week during the winter months to ensure sufficient vitamin D intake. Supplement with bone marrow or fat trimmings for additional energy without overfeeding protein.

2. Summer Adjustments: Hydration and Skin Protection

In hot weather, dogs tend to be less active, which can reduce their caloric needs. However, they may need more electrolytes and antioxidants to maintain hydration and protect their skin from sun exposure.

Key Nutrients:

•   Electrolytes: During the summer, dogs lose more water and electrolytes through panting and may need more potassium and sodium. These can be found in organ meats like kidney and heart, and also in raw seafood.
•   Antioxidants (Vitamin E): To protect skin and coat from sun damage, include vitamin E-rich sources such as fatty fish and collagen from trachea or bone broth.

Practical Tip: Adjust feeding portions to account for decreased activity levels and ensure adequate hydration. Feeding more organ meats like kidney and offering raw goat milk or kefir can help maintain electrolyte balance during hotter months.

3. Nutrient Timing for Optimal Absorption

Timing meals to maximize nutrient absorption can further enhance the benefits of the PMR diet. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are best absorbed when paired with dietary fat, while certain minerals like calcium are more bioavailable when given at times of peak activity.

Practical Tip: Feed organ meats rich in fat-soluble vitamins (like liver) alongside fatty cuts of meat or bone marrow to improve absorption. For working dogs or those with high energy needs, feeding calcium-rich raw meaty bones after periods of activity can help with recovery and support skeletal health.

Key Takeaways for Optimizing Vitamin and Mineral Intake in a PMR Diet

1.  Variety is Key: Rotate between different types of muscle meats, organ meats, and fatty fish to provide a wide range of vitamins and minerals. This prevents deficiencies and ensures balanced nutrition.
2.  Monitor Calcium-Phosphorus Ratios: This is especially important for growing puppies, pregnant or lactating females, and senior dogs. Ensure that raw meaty bones make up approximately 10-15% of the diet to maintain the correct calcium-to-phosphorus ratio (1:1 to 1.2:1).
3.  Use Organ Meats for Micronutrient Density: Liver, kidney, and heart are crucial for supplying vitamin A, B-complex vitamins, iron, zinc, and other vital nutrients. Rotate organ meats to avoid vitamin imbalances, especially in small breeds that are more susceptible to vitamin A toxicity.
4.  Supplement with Collagen and Fats for Joint and Skin Health: Include bone broth, trachea, and chicken feet to provide collagen and glucosamine for joint support. Incorporate fatty meats and bone marrow to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and provide additional energy.
5.  Seasonal Adjustments Matter: Adjust the diet to account for seasonal changes in activity levels and sunlight exposure. Increase vitamin D sources in the winter, and boost electrolytes and antioxidants during the summer.
6.  Tailor Diets to Life Stage and Breed: Puppies, seniors, and certain breeds with specific health concerns will require more careful planning in terms of nutrient intake. Consult with a canine nutritionist or holistic veterinarian for personalized recommendations.

Optimizing Organ Function Through Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals for Each Body System

In canine health, each organ relies on specific vitamins and minerals to function optimally. The Prey Model Raw (PMR) diet, rich in bioavailable nutrients, offers a natural approach to ensuring dogs receive these essential vitamins and minerals. By understanding the nutritional needs of each organ system, we can fine-tune their diet to support longevity, vitality, and disease prevention. In this comprehensive guide, we will address the specific nutrients needed for optimal function in key organs and systems within a dog’s body, providing practical tips and insights based on extensive research.

1. Brain and Nervous System: Cognitive Function and Neurological Health

The brain and nervous system rely heavily on B-vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants to function optimally. These nutrients support cognitive health, neurotransmitter synthesis, and protection against oxidative damage.

Key Nutrients:

•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA): Essential for brain development and reducing inflammation. Found in fatty fish like sardines, mackerel, and salmon.
•   B-Vitamins (B1, B6, B12): Important for nerve function and neurotransmitter synthesis. Found in liver, kidney, and muscle meats from species like beef, chicken, and lamb.
•   Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Selenium): Protect neurons from oxidative stress and damage. Found in fatty fish, red meats, and organ meats.

Practical Tip: For older dogs or those prone to cognitive decline, increase the intake of fatty fish and organ meats rich in B-vitamins. Adding sunflower seeds or almonds in moderation can boost antioxidant levels and protect brain cells.

2. Heart: Cardiovascular Health and Longevity

The heart requires a combination of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), taurine, L-carnitine, and vitamin E to maintain proper function. These nutrients support energy production, muscle contraction, and protect against oxidative damage in the cardiovascular system.

Key Nutrients:

•   CoQ10: Found in heart (particularly beef heart), it supports energy production in the heart muscle and reduces oxidative stress.
•   Taurine: Crucial for heart health, particularly in breeds prone to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Found in heart, liver, and dark poultry meats like turkey.
•   L-Carnitine: Supports fatty acid metabolism and energy production in the heart. Found in red meats like beef and lamb.
•   Vitamin E: An antioxidant that protects heart tissues from oxidative damage. Found in fatty fish, sunflower seeds, and muscle meats.

Practical Tip: Include beef heart in your dog’s diet at least once a week for its high taurine and CoQ10 content. For dogs with known heart issues or those prone to DCM, consider rotating red meats and organ meats to boost L-carnitine levels.

3. Liver: Detoxification and Metabolic Regulation

The liver is a critical detoxification organ, processing nutrients and filtering out toxins. It relies on vitamin A, B-complex vitamins, and choline to maintain optimal function.

Key Nutrients:

•   Vitamin A: Vital for cell regeneration and liver function. Liver (particularly beef liver) itself is the richest source of vitamin A, making it essential for proper liver health.
•   B-Vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12): Support metabolic pathways and energy production. Found in organ meats like kidney and liver.
•   Choline: Important for fat metabolism and liver detoxification. Found in egg yolks, organ meats, and fish.

Practical Tip: Include a variety of organ meats like kidney and liver in your dog’s diet to ensure they get adequate B-vitamins and choline. Limit liver intake to 5% of the overall diet to avoid vitamin A toxicity, particularly in small breeds.

4. Kidneys: Filtration and Waste Removal

The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood and removing waste products. They require sufficient intake of omega-3 fatty acids, B-vitamins, and antioxidants like selenium to maintain their filtration function and reduce inflammation.

Key Nutrients:

•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA): Help reduce inflammation and support kidney health. Found in fatty fish like sardines and mackerel.
•   B-Vitamins: Aid in detoxification and energy production. Found in kidney, liver, and muscle meats.
•   Selenium: An antioxidant that protects kidney tissues. Found in organ meats, red meats, and fatty fish.

Practical Tip: If your dog is prone to kidney issues, increase the inclusion of omega-3 rich fish and organ meats like kidney to support filtration function and reduce oxidative stress. Avoid high-phosphorus foods like excessive amounts of bone if kidney disease is present.

5. Bones and Joints: Structural Integrity and Mobility

Strong bones and flexible joints require adequate intake of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and collagen to maintain their structural integrity and prevent joint deterioration.

Key Nutrients:

•   Calcium and Phosphorus: Critical for bone density and strength. Found in raw meaty bones from chicken, duck, and rabbit.
•   Vitamin D: Facilitates calcium absorption and bone health. Found in fatty fish and egg yolks.
•   Collagen and Glucosamine: Support joint health by maintaining cartilage and connective tissue. Found in trachea, bone broth, chicken feet, and ears.

Practical Tip: To support joint health, especially in large-breed dogs or seniors, regularly feed trachea and chicken feet, which are rich in collagen and glucosamine. Maintain a healthy calcium-to-phosphorus ratio (1:1 to 1.2:1) by feeding raw meaty bones regularly.

6. Skin and Coat: Healthy Skin, Lustrous Coat

Healthy skin and a shiny coat are dependent on adequate levels of omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, vitamin E, and biotin. These nutrients support the maintenance of skin cells, hair follicles, and oil production.

Key Nutrients:

•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Reduce inflammation and improve skin health. Found in fatty fish like sardines, mackerel, and salmon.
•   Zinc: Essential for skin repair and coat quality. Found in red meats like beef and lamb.
•   Vitamin E: Protects skin cells from oxidative damage. Found in fatty fish and organ meats.
•   Biotin: Important for skin and coat health, promoting hair growth and reducing dryness. Found in liver, kidney, and egg yolks.

Practical Tip: For dogs with dry or flaky skin, increase the intake of fatty fish like mackerel and sardines. Adding egg yolks a few times per week can improve coat health due to their biotin content.

7. Digestive System: Nutrient Absorption and Gut Health

A well-functioning digestive system requires a balance of probiotics, fiber, and key vitamins like B-complex vitamins to ensure proper nutrient absorption and maintain gut flora.

Key Nutrients:

•   B-Vitamins: Support energy metabolism and gut health. Found in liver, kidney, and muscle meats.
•   Probiotics: Improve gut flora balance and aid digestion. Found in fermented foods like raw goat milk kefir and fermented tripe.
•   Fiber: While not a focus in PMR, dogs benefit from occasional fibrous elements like green tripe, which promotes gut motility and supports beneficial bacteria.

Practical Tip: Adding fermented tripe or raw goat milk kefir to your dog’s diet can improve digestion and gut health, especially if they experience loose stools or have undergone antibiotics. These fermented foods enhance the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

8. Immune System: Defending Against Disease

The immune system requires a steady supply of antioxidants, zinc, vitamin C, and selenium to protect against infections, reduce inflammation, and maintain a strong defense mechanism.

Key Nutrients:

•   Zinc: Supports immune cell function and wound healing. Found in red meats like beef and lamb.
•   Vitamin C: Although dogs synthesize their own, during illness or stress, extra vitamin C from guinea pigs (

as a natural food source or green tripe can be beneficial for enhancing immune function and aiding in recovery.**

•   Selenium: A powerful antioxidant that works in conjunction with vitamin E to neutralize free radicals. Found in organ meats like liver and kidney, and in fatty fish like sardines and mackerel.
•   Vitamin E: Acts as an antioxidant to protect immune cells and tissues from oxidative stress. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and muscle meats.

Practical Tip: For dogs undergoing stress or recovery from illness, add green tripe or fermented foods such as raw goat milk kefir to boost probiotics and immune function. Guinea pig meat can also be included as a source of bioavailable vitamin C. Rotating red meats like beef and lamb will ensure adequate zinc and selenium for immune support.

9. Eyes: Vision and Eye Health

The eyes require specific vitamins and antioxidants to maintain optimal function and protect against degenerative conditions such as cataracts or retinal disease. Vitamin A plays a critical role in vision, while omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants protect the eyes from oxidative damage.

Key Nutrients:

•   Vitamin A: Essential for maintaining healthy vision and preventing night blindness. Found in liver (especially beef liver) and egg yolks.
•   Lutein and Zeaxanthin: These carotenoids are important for protecting the retina. While not typically part of a PMR diet, they can be introduced through small amounts of leafy greens, such as kale or mustard greens.
•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Reduce inflammation in ocular tissues and support eye health. Found in fatty fish like sardines, mackerel, and salmon.

Practical Tip: To maintain healthy vision, incorporate beef liver or chicken liver into your dog’s diet regularly for vitamin A. For aging dogs, consider adding fatty fish for omega-3s to reduce the risk of degenerative eye conditions. Adding small amounts of kale or mustard greens to their diet can offer additional eye protection through lutein and zeaxanthin.

10. Endocrine System: Hormonal Balance and Function

The endocrine system, which includes glands such as the thyroid and adrenal glands, relies on minerals like iodine, selenium, and zinc, as well as vitamins such as vitamin D and vitamin E, to regulate hormones and maintain metabolic health.

Key Nutrients:

•   Iodine: Essential for thyroid hormone production and metabolic regulation. Found in seafood, particularly kelp and seaweed, though fatty fish like mackerel also offer trace amounts.
•   Selenium: Supports thyroid function and works synergistically with iodine. Found in organ meats and red meats.
•   Zinc: Involved in insulin production and thyroid regulation. Found in beef, lamb, and organ meats.
•   Vitamin D: Regulates calcium and phosphorus balance, critical for thyroid and parathyroid function. Found in fatty fish and egg yolks.

Practical Tip: For dogs with thyroid imbalances or those at risk of endocrine disorders, consider adding kelp powder or rotating fatty fish into their diet to boost iodine levels. Ensure adequate intake of selenium and zinc by including organ meats like kidney and liver. For hormone regulation, supplement their diet with vitamin D sources like sardines or pasture-raised egg yolks.

11. Reproductive System: Fertility and Hormonal Health

The reproductive system requires specific nutrients such as zinc, vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, and selenium to support fertility, hormone production, and reproductive tissue health.

Key Nutrients:

•   Zinc: Vital for sperm production in males and reproductive tissue health in females. Found in beef, lamb, and organ meats.
•   Vitamin E: Protects reproductive cells from oxidative damage and supports fertility. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and muscle meats.
•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Support reproductive health by reducing inflammation in reproductive tissues. Found in sardines, mackerel, and salmon.
•   Selenium: Works with vitamin E to protect reproductive cells and promote hormone balance. Found in red meats and organ meats like kidney and liver.

Practical Tip: For breeding dogs or those experiencing hormonal imbalances, ensure adequate zinc intake by rotating red meats and organ meats. Adding fatty fish such as sardines can boost omega-3s and improve reproductive tissue health. Supplement with natural sources of vitamin E to support fertility.

Conclusion: Feeding for Optimal Organ Health in a PMR Diet

Every organ in a dog’s body requires specific vitamins, minerals, and nutrients to function at its best. By carefully selecting a variety of meats, organ meats, bones, and fatty fish in a Prey Model Raw (PMR) diet, you can ensure that your dog receives the essential nutrients needed to support each organ and body system.

The brain, heart, liver, kidneys, bones, and joints all thrive when supplied with the right balance of nutrients, such as B-vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants. Additionally, important systems like the immune system, digestive system, skin, and reproductive organs benefit from targeted nutrients like vitamin E, zinc, and selenium.

By understanding the specific needs of each organ and making adjustments based on life stage, breed, and environmental factors, you can optimize your dog’s health and longevity on a raw diet. Always strive for variety, balance, and bioavailability in the nutrients you provide to your dog, and consult a canine nutritionist or holistic veterinarian if you need guidance for specific health concerns. Regular adjustments and thoughtful feeding will ensure that your dog not only survives but thrives on a well-balanced, nutrient-rich PMR diet.

Extending the Nutritional Focus to the Thyroid, Gallbladder, Pancreas, and Other Glands

In addition to major organs like the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys, the endocrine system, which includes the thyroid, gallbladder, pancreas, and other glands, also plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health. These organs rely on specific nutrients to function optimally, particularly when it comes to regulating metabolism, hormone production, and digestion. Let’s explore the nutritional needs of these glands and provide actionable insights on how to support them through a PMR diet.

12. Thyroid Gland: Regulating Metabolism and Growth

The thyroid gland plays a pivotal role in regulating metabolism, body temperature, and growth by producing thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). For optimal thyroid function, the gland depends on several key nutrients, most notably iodine, selenium, and zinc.

Key Nutrients for the Thyroid:

•   Iodine: Crucial for the production of thyroid hormones. It is found primarily in seafood such as kelp and seaweed, although fatty fish like mackerel and sardines provide trace amounts.
•   Selenium: Works synergistically with iodine to convert T4 to T3, the more active form of thyroid hormone. Found in organ meats (especially kidney), beef, lamb, and fatty fish.
•   Zinc: Supports the synthesis of thyroid hormones and helps regulate immune responses that can affect thyroid function. It’s abundant in red meats like beef and lamb, as well as organ meats such as liver and kidney.

Practical Tip: If your dog shows signs of a thyroid imbalance, such as weight gain, lethargy, or dry coat, consider incorporating kelp powder in small amounts for iodine, and increase the intake of selenium-rich organ meats like kidney. Ensure adequate zinc by feeding red meats regularly, and avoid excess calcium from overfeeding bones, as it can interfere with iodine absorption.

13. Gallbladder: Bile Production and Fat Digestion

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, a substance produced by the liver that helps in the digestion of fats. Proper bile production and secretion are essential for fat metabolism and the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). While the gallbladder itself does not require a vast array of nutrients, ensuring a well-functioning liver and adequate intake of healthy fats supports bile production.

Key Nutrients for Gallbladder Health:

•   Healthy Fats: High-quality fats stimulate bile production. These are found in fatty cuts of meat and fatty fish such as sardines, mackerel, and salmon.
•   Choline: This nutrient supports bile synthesis and liver function. It’s found in egg yolks, liver, and kidney.
•   Vitamin E: Prevents oxidative damage to the bile ducts and gallbladder. Found in fatty fish and organ meats.

Practical Tip: To support gallbladder function, include healthy fats from fatty fish or bone marrow. If your dog has a history of gallbladder issues, egg yolks and liver will supply ample choline, aiding bile production and fat digestion. Rotate between fatty fish and organ meats to ensure proper fat-soluble vitamin absorption.

14. Pancreas: Digestive Enzymes and Blood Sugar Regulation

The pancreas serves two critical functions: producing digestive enzymes to break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, and regulating blood sugar by secreting insulin. To maintain pancreatic health, it’s essential to ensure a diet that supports both enzyme production and glucose metabolism.

Key Nutrients for the Pancreas:

•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Reduce inflammation and support overall pancreatic health. Found in fatty fish like sardines, mackerel, and salmon.
•   B-Vitamins: Aid in energy metabolism and support enzyme production. Found in organ meats such as liver, kidney, and heart.
•   Zinc and Chromium: Important for insulin production and blood sugar regulation. Found in beef, lamb, organ meats, and fatty fish.
•   Antioxidants: Help reduce oxidative stress on the pancreas, especially important in dogs prone to pancreatitis. Selenium and vitamin E are crucial here, and both are found in organ meats and fatty fish.

Practical Tip: To prevent pancreatic stress, avoid high-fat meals that are not balanced with other nutrients. Instead, feed moderate amounts of fatty fish like sardines to supply omega-3s, and ensure that organ meats like liver and kidney are a regular part of the diet to provide B-vitamins. Zinc-rich red meats like beef also support insulin production and metabolic function.

15. Adrenal Glands: Stress Response and Cortisol Production

The adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol, which regulates the body’s response to stress, as well as aldosterone, which controls blood pressure. To keep the adrenal glands functioning optimally, they need specific vitamins and minerals to support hormone synthesis and stress adaptation.

Key Nutrients for the Adrenal Glands:

•   Vitamin C: While dogs can synthesize their own vitamin C, during periods of high stress or illness, additional sources from the diet, such as guinea pigs or green tripe, can support adrenal function.
•   B-Vitamins: B-vitamins, particularly B5 (pantothenic acid), are crucial for adrenal hormone production. Found in organ meats, especially liver and kidney.
•   Magnesium: Helps regulate the body’s stress response and supports adrenal health. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and leafy greens (occasionally included in small amounts).
•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Reduce adrenal gland inflammation and help modulate stress responses. Found in fatty fish like sardines, mackerel, and salmon.

Practical Tip: For dogs with high cortisol levels or chronic stress, include green tripe or guinea pig meat for added vitamin C. Feed organ meats like kidney and liver to provide essential B-vitamins, and rotate between fatty fish and red meats to support stress regulation with magnesium and omega-3s.

16. Spleen: Immune Function and Blood Filtration

The spleen plays a critical role in filtering blood, recycling iron, and mounting an immune response to infections. Nutritional support for the spleen focuses on iron, antioxidants, and immune-boosting nutrients like zinc and selenium.

Key Nutrients for the Spleen:

•   Iron: Critical for maintaining healthy red blood cells. Found in liver, spleen, red meats, and organ meats.
•   Zinc and Selenium: Support immune function and help protect the spleen from oxidative damage. Found in red meats, organ meats, and fatty fish.
•   Vitamin C: Enhances iron absorption and supports immune health. Found in guinea pig meat and green tripe.

Practical Tip: To support spleen health, regularly feed iron-rich meats like beef liver, beef spleen, and red meats. Rotate with organ meats rich in zinc and selenium to bolster the immune system and protect spleen tissue from oxidative damage. If your dog has an underlying immune issue, consider adding green tripe or fermented foods to promote gut health and indirectly support immune function.

17. Digestive Tract: Stomach, Intestines, and Colon

The digestive tract, including the stomach, small intestine, and colon, relies on a balance of probiotics, digestive enzymes, and key vitamins and minerals to process food efficiently and absorb nutrients.

Key Nutrients for Digestive Health:

•   Probiotics: Support healthy gut flora and aid digestion. Found in fermented foods such as raw goat milk kefir and fermented tripe.
•   Digestive Enzymes: Found naturally in raw green tripe, which helps break down food and supports gut health.
•   B-Vitamins: Essential for energy metabolism and gut lining integrity. Found in liver, kidney, and muscle meats.
•   Magnesium: Helps regulate bowel movements and supports muscle contractions in the intestines. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and occasionally in leafy greens.

Practical Tip: To maintain a healthy digestive system, include fermented tripe and raw goat milk kefir for probiotics, andraw green tripe for digestive enzymes to support gut health. Feeding a variety of organ meats like liver, kidney, and heart ensures your dog gets sufficient B-vitamins to maintain intestinal integrity and proper digestion. Additionally, fatty fish such as sardines and mackerel provide both magnesium and essential omega-3 fatty acids, which help reduce inflammation in the digestive tract.

18. Stomach: Digestive Acid Production and Mucosal Health

The stomach is responsible for breaking down food using digestive acids and enzymes. It requires a healthy balance of stomach acid (HCl) to digest proteins and absorb nutrients like calcium and magnesium. The mucosal lining of the stomach also needs protection, which can be supported by natural foods that soothe the gut.

Key Nutrients for Stomach Health:

•   Vitamin B6 and Magnesium: Support the production of stomach acids and enzymes, ensuring proper digestion. Found in poultry, organ meats, and fatty fish.
•   Manuka Honey: Acts as a natural stomach soother and acid reducer. Applying Manuka honey on an empty stomach helps coat the stomach lining and can reduce symptoms of acid reflux or stomach ulcers.
•   Glutamine: Supports the mucosal lining of the stomach. Found in bone broth and collagen-rich foods like trachea and cartilage.

Practical Tip: For dogs prone to acid reflux or sensitive stomachs, adding a small amount of Manuka honey on an empty stomach can help reduce acidity and protect the stomach lining. Include collagen-rich foods such as bone broth or trachea in their diet to support the stomach’s mucosal health and improve overall digestion.

19. Intestines and Colon: Absorption and Microbial Balance

The small intestine is where most nutrients are absorbed, while the colon (large intestine) handles water absorption and houses beneficial gut bacteria. Maintaining intestinal health requires a balanced intake of probiotics, fiber, and vitamins that support nutrient absorption and a healthy gut microbiome.

Key Nutrients for the Intestines and Colon:

•   Probiotics: Essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome and promoting good digestion. Found in fermented foods such as raw goat milk kefir and fermented tripe.
•   Fiber: Helps maintain bowel regularity and supports beneficial bacteria. While not a focus in PMR diets, green tripe offers a good balance of low levels of fiber and probiotics that help maintain gut flora.
•   B-Vitamins: Play a role in maintaining the integrity of the gut lining and facilitating nutrient absorption. Found in liver, kidney, and muscle meats.

Practical Tip: Incorporating fermented foods like raw goat milk kefir or fermented tripe into your dog’s diet will help maintain a healthy gut flora, especially after antibiotic treatments or periods of stress. Green tripe is an excellent addition to the PMR diet for promoting microbial balance and ensuring proper digestion.

20. Immune System: Supporting Systemic Health

The immune system, which encompasses the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen, relies on a combination of antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and zinc to function optimally. A well-supported immune system is crucial for disease prevention, wound healing, and protection against infections.

Key Nutrients for Immune Function:

•   Zinc: Critical for immune cell function and wound healing. Found in red meats like beef and lamb, and in organ meats like liver and kidney.
•   Vitamin E: Acts as an antioxidant to protect immune cells from oxidative damage. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and muscle meats.
•   Selenium: Works in conjunction with vitamin E to neutralize free radicals and support immune health. Found in red meats, organ meats, and fatty fish.
•   Vitamin C: Enhances immune response and protects cells from oxidative stress. Although dogs can synthesize their own vitamin C, additional vitamin C from sources like guinea pig meat or green tripe can be beneficial, especially in stressed or ill dogs.

Practical Tip: For dogs recovering from illness or dealing with immune-related issues, include selenium-rich organ meats like kidney and liver in their diet. Adding green tripe or guinea pig meat for extra vitamin C can boost their immune response. Rotate between red meats and fatty fish to ensure adequate intake of zinc and vitamin E to protect immune cells.

21. Blood Health: Red Blood Cells and Oxygen Transport

Blood health is crucial for oxygen transport, immune function, and overall vitality. Maintaining healthy red and white blood cells requires specific nutrients like iron, copper, vitamin B12, and folic acid. These nutrients ensure that red blood cells can carry oxygen efficiently and that the immune system functions optimally.

Key Nutrients for Blood Health:

•   Iron: Critical for hemoglobin production and oxygen transport. Found in organ meats like liver, spleen, and red meats such as beef and lamb.
•   Copper: Supports iron absorption and red blood cell formation. Found in liver, kidney, and seafood.
•   Vitamin B12: Essential for red blood cell formation and neurological health. Found in liver, kidney, and muscle meats.
•   Folic Acid: Important for DNA synthesis and red blood cell production. Found in liver, green tripe, and kidney.

Practical Tip: For dogs with anemia or those recovering from blood loss, focus on increasing iron-rich organ meats like liver and spleen. Rotating these with red meats such as beef and lamb ensures your dog is getting enough iron, while also boosting copper and vitamin B12 levels.

22. Lymphatic System: Detoxification and Immune Function

The lymphatic system plays a key role in detoxification and immune response, filtering lymphatic fluid to remove toxins, pathogens, and waste. Supporting lymphatic function requires nutrients that boost immunity and support the body’s natural detox pathways.

Key Nutrients for the Lymphatic System:

•   Vitamin C: Promotes detoxification and supports lymphatic drainage. Found in green tripe and guinea pig meat.
•   Zinc: Enhances immune cell function and protects against infections. Found in beef, lamb, and organ meats.
•   Selenium: Provides antioxidant protection and supports immune function. Found in organ meats, fatty fish, and red meats.
•   Vitamin E: Protects immune cells and supports the removal of waste from the lymphatic system. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and muscle meats.

Practical Tip: For dogs that are exposed to environmental toxins or recovering from illness, include green tripe in their diet to support lymphatic detoxification and promote gut health. Rotating selenium-rich organ meats like kidney and liver, along with zinc-rich meats like beef, will ensure optimal immune function and support detoxification.

23. Respiratory System: Lung Health and Oxygen Exchange

The respiratory system relies on nutrients that support lung tissue, reduce inflammation, and maintain healthy mucous membranes. Antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and certain vitamins are particularly important for dogs with respiratory issues or those exposed to allergens.

Key Nutrients for the Respiratory System:

•   Vitamin A: Supports healthy mucous membranes and lung tissue. Found in liver (especially beef liver) and egg yolks.
•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA): Reduce inflammation in lung tissues and support respiratory health. Found in fatty fish such as sardines, mackerel, and salmon.
•   Vitamin E: Protects lung tissue from oxidative damage. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and muscle meats.
•   Magnesium: Helps regulate lung function and relaxes bronchial muscles. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and leafy greens (occasionally added to PMR diets).

Practical Tip: For dogs prone to respiratory issues or allergies, increase the intake of omega-3 rich fatty fish like sardines and mackerel to reduce lung inflammation. Adding beef liver to the diet supports lung tissue with its high vitamin A content, while collagen-rich foods like bone broth can help soothe and support lung health.

24. Hydration and Electrolyte Balance: Supporting Vital Organ Functions

Hydration and electrolyte balance are vital for maintaining proper muscle function, nerve conduction, and overall cellular health. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and magnesium are crucial for dogs, especially those exposed to heat, exercise, or illness. While a PMR diet provides natural hydration through meat, it’s important to ensure that your dog receives the right balance of these minerals to maintain optimal fluid balance.

Key Electrolytes for Hydration:

•   Sodium and Chloride: Regulate fluid balance and nerve function. Found naturally in muscle meats and organ meats.
•   Potassium: Maintains muscle and nerve function, and supports heart health. Found in muscle meats, fatty fish, and leafy greens.
•   Magnesium: Involved in muscle relaxation and nerve conduction. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and leafy greens.

Practical Tip: For active dogs or those recovering from illness, you can enhance their electrolyte balance by offering raw goat milk kefir or fermented tripe, which provide not only hydration but also essential minerals. In the summer months, include fatty fish and organ meats to ensure your dog is getting enough potassium and magnesium to stay hydrated.

25. Skin, Hair, and Nails: Supporting the Body’s Largest Organ

The skin, being the largest organ, requires key nutrients to maintain its integrity, support the growth of a healthy coat, and promote nail health. Nutrients like biotin, zinc, vitamin E, and omega-3 fatty acids are essential for preventing dryness, maintaining skin elasticity, and reducing inflammation.

Key Nutrients for Skin and Coat Health:

•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA): Reduce skin inflammation and promote a shiny coat. Found in fatty fish like sardines, mackerel, and salmon.
•   Zinc: Supports skin repair and reduces skin infections. Found in beef, lamb, and organ meats.
•   Biotin: Essential for skin and nail health, promoting strong nails and a healthy coat. Found in liver, kidney, and egg yolks.
•   Vitamin E: Acts as an antioxidant, protecting skin cells from oxidative damage. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and muscle meats.

Practical Tip: For dogs with skin issues or a dull coat, increase their intake of biotin-rich liver and egg yolks, as well as omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish. Regular rotation of red meats like beef and lamb ensures adequate zinc levels to support skin repair and immune defense against skin infections.

Key Takeaways for Supporting Every Organ in the Canine Body with a PMR Diet

1.  Thyroid: Focus on iodine, selenium, and zinc to support hormone production and metabolic regulation. Include kelp, fatty fish, and organ meats for balance.
2.  Gallbladder: Support bile production with healthy fats and choline from liver, egg yolks, and fatty meats.
3.  Pancreas: Include B-vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and digestive enzymes from green tripe and organ meats to support enzyme production and blood sugar regulation.
4.  Liver and Blood Health: Ensure regular feeding of iron-rich liver, B12-rich kidney, and zinc from red meats to support detoxification and oxygen transport.
5.  Lymphatic System and Immunity: Rotate selenium- and zinc-rich meats to support lymphatic detoxification and immune function. Green tripe can aid in maintaining gut health, which is critical for the immune system.
6.  Hydration and Electrolyte Balance: Ensure hydration with fermented foods like raw goat milk kefir and supply electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and magnesium from organ meats and fatty fish.
7.  Respiratory Health: Feed vitamin A-rich liver, omega-3-rich fish, and collagen to reduce lung inflammation and support respiratory function.
8.  Skin and Coat: Ensure the intake of omega-3 fatty acids, biotin, zinc, and vitamin E for healthy skin, nails, and a shiny coat.
9.  Digestive System: Focus on probiotics from fermented tripe and green tripe to enhance gut health and digestion, while feeding collagen-rich foods to support gut lining integrity.

By tailoring your dog’s PMR diet to meet the specific nutrient needs of each organ system, you can optimize overall health and vitality. Each organ—from the thyroid to the digestive system—requires a carefully balanced intake of vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and other essential nutrients that are readily available in raw, whole foods. Here are more details and strategies for supporting specific organ systems with insightful tips:

26. Hormonal Health and the Endocrine System

The endocrine system, which includes glands such as the pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and pancreas, regulates hormones essential for metabolism, stress response, reproduction, and growth. A variety of vitamins and minerals are critical for the proper function of this system.

Key Nutrients for Endocrine Health:

•   Zinc and Selenium: These minerals play a crucial role in hormone production, particularly in the thyroid and adrenal glands. Found in organ meats, red meats, and fatty fish.
•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA): Help reduce inflammation and balance hormones. Found in fatty fish like sardines, mackerel, and salmon.
•   Vitamin D: Affects hormone regulation, especially in the adrenal and thyroid glands. Found in fatty fish and egg yolks.
•   Magnesium: Regulates stress hormones like cortisol and helps in muscle relaxation and nerve conduction. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and green tripe.

Practical Tip: Dogs with hormonal imbalances, such as hypothyroidism or adrenal fatigue, will benefit from a diet that includes fatty fish for omega-3s and selenium-rich organ meats like kidney to support hormone regulation. Including kelp in small amounts can provide additional iodine for thyroid support.

27. Reproductive Health: Supporting Fertility and Hormone Balance

In both male and female dogs, reproductive health relies heavily on nutrient intake to support fertility, hormonal balance, and reproductive tissue health. Specific nutrients like zinc, vitamin E, and omega-3 fatty acids are essential for both sperm production in males and maintaining healthy reproductive tissues in females.

Key Nutrients for Reproductive Health:

•   Zinc: Critical for sperm production and hormonal balance. Found in beef, lamb, and organ meats.
•   Vitamin E: Supports reproductive tissue health and acts as an antioxidant to protect cells. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and muscle meats.
•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Help reduce inflammation in reproductive tissues and support hormone regulation. Found in sardines, mackerel, and salmon.
•   Selenium: Works with vitamin E to protect reproductive cells and promote hormone balance. Found in red meats and organ meats like kidney and liver.

Practical Tip: For breeding dogs or those experiencing reproductive issues, ensure sufficient zinc intake by including red meats like beef and lamb in the diet. Rotating fatty fish like sardines and mackerel will provide the omega-3s and vitamin E necessary for optimal reproductive health.

28. Musculoskeletal System: Strength and Mobility

The musculoskeletal system relies on a delicate balance of nutrients for maintaining bone density, muscle strength, and joint flexibility. Nutrients like calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and collagen are key players in supporting skeletal health and preventing degenerative conditions like arthritis.

Key Nutrients for the Musculoskeletal System:

•   Calcium and Phosphorus: Essential for maintaining bone density and muscle contraction. Found in raw meaty bones from chicken, duck, and rabbit.
•   Vitamin D: Supports calcium absorption and bone growth. Found in fatty fish and egg yolks.
•   Collagen and Glucosamine: Important for maintaining joint health and flexibility. Found in trachea, chicken feet, ears, and bone broth.
•   Magnesium: Involved in muscle relaxation and supports skeletal health. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and leafy greens.

Practical Tip: To maintain strong bones and flexible joints, feed raw meaty bones regularly, ensuring a proper calcium-to-phosphorus ratio (1:1 to 1.2:1). For dogs with arthritis or joint issues, include collagen-rich foods like bone broth or chicken feet to support joint health.

29. Hydration and Fluid Regulation: Kidney and Bladder Health

The kidneys and bladder are responsible for filtering waste and regulating fluid balance in the body. Ensuring adequate hydration and maintaining electrolyte balance is essential for kidney and bladder health, especially for dogs prone to urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney disease.

Key Nutrients for Kidney and Bladder Health:

•   Water and Electrolytes: Adequate water intake is crucial for maintaining kidney function and preventing bladder issues. Natural electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and magnesium support fluid regulation. These minerals are found in muscle meats, organ meats, and fatty fish.
•   Probiotics: Promote urinary tract health by maintaining a balanced microbiome. Found in fermented foods such as raw goat milk kefir and fermented tripe.
•   Antioxidants (Vitamin C, Selenium): Help reduce oxidative stress in the kidneys and bladder. Found in organ meats, green tripe, and fatty fish.

Practical Tip: Dogs prone to UTIs or kidney issues should have regular access to fresh, clean water. Incorporating fermented tripe or raw goat milk kefir can improve gut health, which indirectly supports bladder and kidney function. Rotating between fatty fish and organ meats will ensure they receive the necessary electrolytes and antioxidants.

30. Immune and Lymphatic Health: Defending Against Pathogens

The immune system plays a vital role in protecting the body from pathogens, inflammation, and disease. Ensuring your dog receives immune-boosting nutrients such as zinc, selenium, and vitamin C will help them fight off infections and maintain strong immune defenses.

Key Nutrients for Immune Health:

•   Zinc: Essential for immune cell function and wound healing. Found in beef, lamb, and organ meats.
•   Vitamin E: Acts as an antioxidant and supports immune health. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and muscle meats.
•   Selenium: Protects immune cells from oxidative damage and supports overall immune function. Found in red meats, organ meats, and fatty fish.
•   Vitamin C: Enhances immune response and protects against oxidative stress. Found in green tripe and guinea pig meat.

Practical Tip: Include organ meats like liver and kidney in your dog’s diet to provide sufficient zinc and selenium for immune function. Green tripe can boost gut health, which supports immune system regulation, and vitamin C from guinea pig meat can offer additional immune protection.

Conclusion: Tailoring the PMR Diet to Support Every Organ System

A thoughtfully constructed Prey Model Raw (PMR) diet provides the foundation for optimal organ function and overall health. By understanding the specific nutritional needs of each organ system—from the brain and heart to the kidneys and musculoskeletal system—you can design a diet that ensures your dog gets the right balance of vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and other essential nutrients.

Key strategies include:

•   Rotating protein sources to ensure a broad spectrum of nutrients and prevent deficiencies.
•   Incorporating organ meats, such as liver, kidney, and heart, to supply essential vitamins and minerals like vitamin A, B12, and zinc.
•   Feeding raw meaty bones to provide a balanced intake of calcium and phosphorus for bone health.
•   Adding fatty fish like sardines and mackerel to supply omega-3 fatty acids and support skin, coat, joint, and brain health.
•   Including fermented foods, such as raw goat milk kefir or green tripe, to promote gut health, immune function, and optimal digestion.

In the comprehensive guide we’ve explored so far, we’ve covered a wide range of topics related to supporting organ systems through a Prey Model Raw (PMR) diet. However, there are still a few nuanced areas that can be expanded on or considered in more detail:

1. Aging and Senior Dogs: Nutritional Adjustments

As dogs age, their metabolism slows down, and their bodies require different nutrients to maintain health. Senior dogs may need extra support for joint health, cognitive function, and immune health, and they are often more prone to oxidative stress, digestive issues, and reduced kidney function.

Key Nutrients for Aging Dogs:

•   Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Selenium, Vitamin C): Help reduce oxidative stress and support immune health. Found in fatty fish, organ meats, and green tripe.
•   Glucosamine and Chondroitin: Support joint health and help prevent arthritis. Found in trachea, chicken feet, and bone broth.
•   Probiotics: Aid in digestion and nutrient absorption, which can become less efficient with age. Found in raw goat milk kefir and fermented tripe.
•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Reduce inflammation, support cognitive function, and improve joint health. Found in sardines, mackerel, and salmon.

Practical Tip: For senior dogs, increase the intake of collagen-rich foods such as bone broth to maintain joint health and ensure proper digestion by including probiotics like fermented tripe. Also, prioritize antioxidant-rich organ meats and fatty fish to support immune function and cognitive health.

2. Working Dogs or Highly Active Dogs: Increased Nutritional Needs

Working dogs or those involved in high activity levels (such as sporting, agility, or hunting dogs) have greater caloric and nutritional needs. They require additional energy and nutrients to support muscle repair, joint health, and recovery from intense physical exertion.

Key Nutrients for Active Dogs:

•   Protein: Helps repair muscle tissue and support muscle mass. Found in muscle meats like beef, chicken, lamb, and turkey.
•   Fats: Provide the primary energy source for active dogs. Found in fatty meats, bone marrow, and fatty fish like sardines and mackerel.
•   Electrolytes: Help maintain hydration and muscle function during periods of intense activity. Sodium, potassium, and magnesium are found in muscle meats, organ meats, and fatty fish.
•   Glucosamine and Chondroitin: Support joint health and prevent wear and tear from high-impact activities. Found in trachea, chicken feet, and ears.

Practical Tip: For working or highly active dogs, feed high-protein muscle meats like beef and chicken, and increase the intake of fat-rich meats and bone marrow to meet energy demands. Regularly include collagen sources such as chicken feet to support joints, and ensure proper hydration by rotating in raw goat milk kefir for electrolyte balance.

3. Pregnant and Lactating Dogs: Special Nutritional Considerations

Pregnant and lactating females require increased calories and specific nutrients to support fetal development and milk production. Their nutrient needs differ greatly from the average adult dog, particularly in terms of calcium, protein, and omega-3 fatty acids.

Key Nutrients for Pregnant/Lactating Dogs:

•   Calcium and Phosphorus: Crucial for fetal skeletal development and milk production. Found in raw meaty bones like chicken necks, duck wings, and rabbit.
•   Protein: Supports fetal growth and helps produce quality milk. Found in muscle meats like beef, lamb, turkey, and chicken.
•   Folic Acid: Supports healthy fetal development. Found in liver, green tripe, and kidney.
•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA): Promote brain and eye development in fetuses and help with milk production. Found in fatty fish like sardines, mackerel, and salmon.

Practical Tip: For pregnant or lactating females, increase the intake of raw meaty bones to meet calcium and phosphorus demands. Liver should be fed regularly for its high folic acid content, while fatty fish like sardines will supply critical omega-3s for fetal brain and eye development.

4. Puppies: Growth and Development

Puppies, particularly during their rapid growth phase, require a higher intake of calories, protein, calcium, and essential fatty acids. Special care must be taken to ensure that their calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is correct to prevent skeletal issues, especially in large-breed puppies.

Key Nutrients for Puppies:

•   Calcium and Phosphorus: Necessary for proper bone development. Found in raw meaty bones like chicken necks and duck wings.
•   Protein: Supports muscle growth and overall development. Found in muscle meats like chicken, beef, lamb, and turkey.
•   Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA): Promote brain development and eye health. Found in fatty fish like sardines and mackerel.
•   Folic Acid: Important for DNA synthesis and proper cell division. Found in liver, kidney, and green tripe.

Practical Tip: For growing puppies, ensure a balanced intake of raw meaty bones to meet calcium needs while avoiding excessive bone that can cause skeletal problems. Feeding fatty fish like sardines ensures proper brain development, and organ meats like liver supply folic acid, which is important for healthy growth.

5. Dental Health: Supporting Oral Hygiene

While raw diets generally promote good dental health by reducing tartar buildup, there are specific foods within the PMR diet that can enhance oral hygiene even further.

Key Nutrients and Foods for Dental Health:

•   Raw Meaty Bones: Help mechanically clean teeth by scraping off tartar and plaque. Chicken necks, duck wings, and rabbit bones are ideal for this.
•   Collagen: Supports gum health and strengthens the connective tissues in the mouth. Found in trachea, chicken feet, and ears.
•   Vitamin C: Promotes gum health and collagen synthesis. Found in green tripe and guinea pig meat.

Practical Tip: To maintain optimal dental health, regularly feed raw meaty bones such as duck wings and chicken necks to mechanically clean the teeth. Incorporating collagen-rich foods like trachea will support gum health, while green tripe or guinea pig meat can provide additional vitamin C for strong gums.

Final Thoughts and Holistic Approach to a PMR Diet

While we’ve extensively covered specific nutrients and how they support various organ systems, it’s important to remember that a balanced PMR diet is not just about individual components—it’s about the synergy of whole foods working together to promote overall health.

In conclusion, here are a few final considerations:

•   Variety is crucial: Rotating between different protein sources, organ meats, and meaty bones ensures that your dog receives a comprehensive range of nutrients.
•   Focus on bioavailability: The raw, unprocessed state of the PMR diet ensures that nutrients are highly bioavailable, meaning they are easily absorbed and utilized by the body.
•   Monitor and adjust: Depending on your dog’s age, health status, and activity level, adjustments may need to be made. Consulting with a canine nutritionist or holistic veterinarian will help ensure that your dog’s diet is tailored to their individual needs.

By paying attention to the nutritional needs of each organ system and making thoughtful adjustments to your dog’s PMR diet, you can support their overall health, vitality, and longevity. The goal is to create a balanced and nourishing diet that allows your dog to thrive from the inside out.