Miniature Poodles are a beloved breed known for their intelligence, agility, and elegant appearance. To ensure the continued health and well-being of this breed, it is essential for breeders to conduct thorough health testing. This not only helps in selecting healthy breeding pairs but also safeguards the long-term genetic integrity of the breed. One significant step for breeders is obtaining a Canine Health Information Center (CHIC) number, which requires completing specific health tests and registering the results with the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). Below is an in-depth guide to the recommended genetic and health tests for Miniature Poodles.

Essential Health Tests for CHIC Certification

To qualify for a CHIC number, Miniature Poodles must undergo the following tests:

•   Progressive Retinal Atrophy (prcd-PRA) DNA Test: A DNA test to detect the most common form of PRA in Poodles.
•   Companion Animal Eye Registry (CAER) Exam: An eye examination to screen for hereditary ocular conditions.
•   Hip Dysplasia Evaluation: X-rays to assess hip joint conformation.
•   Patellar Luxation OFA Evaluation: A physical examination to check for luxating patellae (kneecap dislocation).

These tests are the minimum requirements, and it’s important to note that earning a CHIC number does not imply that the dog passed these tests—only that the testing was completed.

For breeders and prospective owners looking to verify the test results of a Miniature Poodle, they can search by the dog’s OFA number, CHIC number, registration number, or registered name via the OFA website: OFA Advanced Search.

The Importance of Additional Health Testing

Many conscientious breeders go beyond the basic requirements by conducting additional health tests. This proactive approach helps ensure that their breeding programs maintain genetic diversity and long-term breed health. Genetic testing offers a clearer understanding of a dog’s genotype (actual DNA sequence) and phenotype (physical manifestation), with both contributing valuable information to breeding decisions. While phenotype testing provides insights into visible traits, it is less reliable in predicting genetic inheritance compared to genotype testing.

Required Tests to Obtain CHIC Certification

1. Eye Health: CAER Exam • Disorder: Miniature Poodles are prone to various hereditary eye disorders, such as Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), optic nerve hypoplasia, and distichiasis. PRA is known to cause blindness, while other conditions may require surgery or lead to vision loss.
   • Test: The CAER eye exam, performed by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist, screens for hereditary conditions.
   • When: Eye screening can begin at eight weeks, but it should be repeated annually for breeding dogs.
   • Where: Exams are conducted by board-certified ophthalmologists at their offices or breed club-sponsored clinics.
2. prcd-PRA DNA Test • Disorder: Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a genetic eye disorder that leads to blindness. Poodles are at risk for this condition, and prcd-PRA is the most common form in the breed.
   • Test: A DNA test using a cheek swab or blood sample identifies the prcd-PRA mutation. Results classify dogs as clear, carrier, or affected, helping breeders select appropriate mating pairs.
   • When: DNA tests can be conducted anytime using approved lab protocols.
   • Where: Testing is available through labs approved by OFA.
3. Hip Dysplasia Evaluation • Disorder: Hip dysplasia is a common genetic disorder in many dog breeds, including Poodles. It results from malformation in the hip joint, causing pain, lameness, and arthritis.
   • Test: X-rays of the dog’s hips are evaluated for dysplasia. OFA certification can be obtained at 24 months or later, while PennHIP evaluations can begin at 16 weeks, with more reliable results after six months.
   • Where: General veterinarians can take the X-rays, but PennHIP-certified specialists must handle PennHIP evaluations.
4. Patellar Luxation OFA Evaluation • Disorder: Patellar luxation occurs when the kneecap dislocates, causing pain and difficulty walking. This condition is often hereditary, though it may also result from injury.
   • Test: A physical exam, typically performed by a veterinarian or orthopedic specialist, is required for certification.
   • When: Dogs can be evaluated for patellar luxation starting at 12 months of age.
   • Where: Tests are performed by general veterinarians or certified orthopedic specialists, with results submitted to OFA.

Other Available Tests

1. Thyroid Testing • Disorder: Hypothyroidism, caused by autoimmune thyroiditis, is common in all Poodle varieties. This condition leads to lethargy, weight gain, and skin issues. Dogs with hypothyroidism should not be bred.
   • Test: A blood test is used to detect thyroid dysfunction.
   • When: Testing should be performed yearly for the first four years of the dog’s life, then every other year.
   • Where: OFA recognizes specific laboratories for thyroid testing.
2. Osteochondrodysplasia (Dwarfism) • Disorder: Osteochondrodysplasia is a severe skeletal disorder that results in stunted growth and deformities in affected puppies. Affected dogs often need to be euthanized due to severe disabilities.
   • Test: DNA testing identifies carriers of the SLC13A1 gene mutation, allowing breeders to avoid producing affected puppies.
   • When: Miniature Poodles should be tested before breeding.
   • Where: Testing for osteochondrodysplasia is available at various approved labs.
3. von Willebrand’s Disease (vWD) • Disorder: Von Willebrand’s disease is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in the von Willebrand factor, which is essential for blood clotting.
   • Test: A DNA test using a cheek swab identifies carriers of this condition.
   • When: The test can be conducted at any age.
   • Where: Testing kits are available from VetGen, an approved laboratory.

Conclusion

Health testing is an essential part of responsible breeding practices for Miniature Poodles. The recommended tests, including eye exams, hip dysplasia evaluations, and genetic screening for conditions like prcd-PRA and osteochondrodysplasia, help breeders make informed decisions that promote the health and longevity of the breed.

By using a combination of phenotype and genotype testing, breeders can better predict which genetic traits their dogs may pass on to their offspring. While no test guarantees that a dog is free from genetic disorders, regular health testing and screening provide valuable information to ensure healthier breeding lines. The ultimate goal is to preserve the vitality, agility, and beauty of Miniature Poodles for generations to come.

For further information, resources, and access to health testing services, breeders and pet owners should consult with their veterinarians and visit the OFA website.

rcd4-PRA: Additional Eye Testing for Poodles

While prcd-PRA is the most common form of Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) found in Miniature Poodles, it is important to note that another variant, rcd4-PRA, can also affect the breed. Although rcd4-PRA occurs less frequently, it is essential for breeders to include this test as part of their health screening, particularly if they want to ensure that their dogs are free of any genetic mutations that could cause blindness.

rcd4-PRA Testing

•   Disorder: rcd4-PRA is another genetic mutation that leads to PRA, ultimately causing blindness in affected dogs. It is less common than prcd-PRA but still a potential concern for Poodle breeders.
•   Test: The rcd4-PRA test is a DNA-based test, similar to prcd-PRA testing. It detects whether the dog carries the genetic mutation responsible for rcd4-PRA.
•   When: DNA testing can be done at any time following the collection protocols of approved laboratories.
•   Where: Testing is conducted by laboratories approved by the OFA, and breeders are encouraged to submit the results to OFA for official documentation.

Elbow Dysplasia

Elbow dysplasia is a polygenic inherited disease that can cause lameness and arthritis in the elbows of young dogs. It is particularly important for larger breeds but can also affect Miniature Poodles, especially if the condition is present in their ancestry.

Elbow Dysplasia Testing

•   Disorder: Elbow dysplasia refers to malformation in the elbow joints, causing pain, swelling, and lameness. Dogs may show symptoms as young as four months, and if left untreated, the condition can progress to chronic arthritis.
•   Test: X-ray imaging of the elbows is performed to detect any abnormalities in the joint structure. The X-rays are evaluated by the OFA to determine the presence of elbow dysplasia.
•   When: Testing should be done at 24+ months of age for official OFA certification.
•   Where: Many veterinarians can perform the X-ray, but the films must be submitted to the OFA for evaluation.

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (LCP)

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCP) is a hereditary disorder of the hip joint that affects Miniature and Toy Poodles between four months and one year of age. The condition leads to degeneration of the femoral head, causing lameness, pain, and joint abnormalities. Early detection and treatment are crucial for managing LCP.

LCP Testing

•   Disorder: LCP involves the deterioration of the femoral head, leading to hip pain, limping, and reduced mobility. The condition can cause significant discomfort and may require surgery.
•   Test: X-rays of the hip joints are used to diagnose LCP. If a dog is certified free of hip dysplasia, the same X-rays can also confirm whether the dog is clear of LCP.
•   When: Testing should be performed at 12 months of age for OFA certification.
•   Where: X-rays can be performed by most veterinarians and submitted to the OFA for evaluation.

von Willebrand’s Disease (vWD)

Von Willebrand’s Disease (vWD) is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in the von Willebrand factor, which is essential for normal blood clotting. While vWD is rare in Miniature Poodles, it can be introduced through inter-variety breeding, particularly when crossing Miniatures and Standards. Therefore, testing for vWD is recommended for breeders who engage in such practices.

von Willebrand’s Disease Testing

•   Disorder: vWD results in prolonged bleeding due to an inability to form proper blood clots. Dogs with this condition may experience excessive bleeding from minor injuries or surgeries.
•   Test: A DNA test using a cheek swab can identify whether a dog is a carrier or affected by vWD. The test determines whether the dog has inherited the von Willebrand factor deficiency.
•   When: Testing can be done at any age. If both parents are certified clear of vWD, their offspring may receive a “certificate by pedigree.”
•   Where: Testing kits for von Willebrand’s Disease are available from VetGen and other approved laboratories.

Thyroid Testing for Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Hypothyroidism, caused by autoimmune thyroiditis, is a common condition in Poodles, especially in Standard Poodles, but it is also found in Miniatures. This disorder can cause a range of symptoms, including weight gain, lethargy, and skin problems. Regular thyroid testing helps breeders ensure that affected dogs are not used for breeding, as hypothyroidism is hereditary.

Thyroid Testing

•   Disorder: Autoimmune thyroiditis causes the dog’s immune system to attack the thyroid gland, leading to reduced thyroid hormone production. The result is hypothyroidism, which can affect the dog’s metabolism and overall health.
•   Test: A blood test is used to evaluate thyroid function, including levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies. This test helps identify dogs with autoimmune thyroiditis before clinical signs appear.
•   When: Testing should be conducted annually for the first four years of a breeding dog’s life, and then every other year after that.
•   Where: Only certain laboratories are recognized by the OFA for accurate thyroid testing. Results should be submitted to the OFA for certification.

Other Considerations for Breeders

Genetic Diversity and Phenotype Testing

While genetic testing for specific conditions is crucial, it’s also important for breeders to consider the overall genetic diversity of their breeding program. Reducing inbreeding and maintaining a diverse gene pool can help prevent the accumulation of genetic disorders over time. Breeders should also be aware of the limitations of phenotype testing, which only evaluates the physical expression of traits and may not fully reflect a dog’s genetic health.

Ethical Breeding Practices

Responsible breeding goes beyond just health testing. Breeders must also consider temperament, conformation, and overall suitability of dogs for breeding. Ethical breeders prioritize the well-being of their dogs and the breed as a whole, making informed decisions based on thorough health testing and a deep understanding of genetics.

Conclusion: The Importance of Health Testing for Miniature Poodles

Comprehensive health testing is an essential responsibility for all Miniature Poodle breeders. By utilizing a combination of DNA testing, orthopedic evaluations, and regular health screenings, breeders can help ensure the long-term health and vitality of their breeding lines. The recommended tests, such as those for prcd-PRA, hip dysplasia, patellar luxation, and thyroid disorders, are vital tools in preserving the genetic integrity of the breed.

In addition to protecting individual dogs from hereditary diseases, health testing contributes to the overall improvement of the breed. When breeders prioritize health and genetic diversity, they help reduce the incidence of genetic disorders, leading to healthier, happier Poodles for generations to come.

For those interested in learning more about specific tests or searching for test results, the OFA website offers a comprehensive database and additional resources for breeders and owners alike. Health testing is not just a requirement—it is a commitment to the future of the Miniature Poodle breed.

Resources for Health Testing

•   Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA): https://www.ofa.org
•   Companion Animal Eye Registry (CAER): https://www.ofa.org/diseases/eye-certification/eye-disease-glossary
•   Progressive Retinal Atrophy (prcd-PRA) Testing: https://www.optigen.com
•   PennHIP: https://www.pennhip.org
•   VetGen: https://www.vetgen.com

Breeders are encouraged to stay up to date with the latest research and advancements in genetic testing to continue improving the health and longevity of their Miniature Poodles.